Water stress and hazards like withering droughts and devastating floods are hitting African communities, economies and ecosystems hard, according to a new report launched on Thursday by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
The State of the Climate in Africa 2021 reveals that rainfall patterns are disrupted, glaciers are disappearing and key lakes are shrinking.
And rising water demand, combined with limited and unpredictable supplies, threatens to aggravate conflict and displacement.
“The worsening crisis and looming famine in the drought-stricken Horn of Africa shows how climate change can exacerbate water shocks, threatening the lives of hundreds of thousands of people and destabiliizing communities, countries and entire regions,” said WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas.
Temperature trends
The report shows how extreme weather and climate change are undermining human health and safety, food and water security, and socio-economic development.
While Africa accounts for only about two to three per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions, it suffers disproportionately from it.
With a special focus on water, The State of the Climate reveals that high water stress is estimated to affect about 250 million people on the continent and displace up to 700 million individuals by 2030.
Four out of five African countries are unlikely to have sustainably managed water resources by 2030.
“Africa’s climate has warmed more than the global average since pre-industrial time,” warned Mr. Taalas, noting that the sea level rise along African coastlines is faster than the global mean.
He observed that that this is contributing to increases in the frequency and severity of coastal flooding and erosion, and salinity in low-lying cities.
“Changes in continental water bodies have major impacts on the agriculture sector, ecosystems, biodiversity,” said the WMO chief.
Making changes
Currently only 40 per cent of the African population has access to early warning systems against extreme weather and climate change impacts.
At the request of Secretary-General António Guterres, WMO is spearheading a campaign to ensure universal access to early warnings in the next five years.
Meanwhile, climate action is gaining momentum.
More than 40 African States have revised their national climate plans to make them more ambitious and add greater commitments to climate adaptation and mitigation.
The State of the Climate report makes a number of recommendations, including to strengthen early warning systems, increase transboundary cooperation, data exchange and knowledge sharing.
It underscores that the need for more investment in adaptation is crucial, as is a concerted drive towards more integrated water resource management.
The report was launched with an accompanying digital story map at a Ministerial Meeting on Integrated Early Warning and Early Action System initiative in Maputo, Mozambique.
Concerning observations
- The year 2021 was either the third or fourth warmest years on record for Africa.
- By 2030, 108-116 million people in Africa are expected to be exposed to sea level rise risk.
- Drought in East Africa has worsened following consecutive failed rainy seasons combined with heightened conflict, related population displacement, and COVID-19 restrictions.
- Many parts of Northern Africa experienced extreme heat, which was accompanied by wildfires.
- Over the past 50 years, drought-related hazards have claimed the lives of over half a million people and triggered $70 billion in regional economic losses.
- Increased temperature contributed to a 34 per cent reduction in agricultural productivity growth in Africa since 1961 – more than any other region in the world.
- Climate-related hazards continued to be a major driver of new displacement in Africa.
- In Africa, only four out of 10 people are covered by Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems.
