Originally published on UN Women’s regional website for Asia and the Pacific.
Dewi Tjakrawinata is the co-founder of YAPESDI (Yayasan Peduli Sindroma Down Indonesia, or Down Syndrome Care Foundation Indonesia), a Jakarta-based non-profit organization that empowers youths with intellectual disabilities to become self-advocates. To mark 16 Days of Activism, UN Women’s Access to Justice team spoke to Dewi about ending impunity for sexual violence against women with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities.
Take five: “The justice system must be responsive to persons with disabilities.”
Why is it important to highlight justice for women with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities?
Let me share a story:
A man raped a woman with an intellectual disability in Indonesia, resulting in pregnancy and incarceration of the woman for having premarital sex with her rapist. A determining factor to incarcerate her, for the justice sector, was when police asked if she liked the man who raped her, she said ‘yes’.
Women with intellectual disabilities experience disproportionately higher rates of sexual and gender-based violence. Most perpetrators are people they know and trust – someone within the family, their support network, or the community. Survivors are often treated by authorities as unable to understand sexual violence, or their recollection is questioned due to their disability.
Why is justice not being served?
Firstly, the criminal code does not recognize the legal capacity of persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities. Without legal capacity, women are unable to independently report instances of sexual and gender-based violence, and their testimony is treated as non-credible. Women who are institutionalized face additional obstacles as they are isolated from their families, and support networks have limited access.
Secondly, by treating them as asexual, society has made them more vulnerable to sexual predators, and limited access to information about sexual and reproductive health and rights. These women, like you and I, experience a full range of emotions – they are not asexual. They need information about their bodies and relationships so they can make informed decisions, and raise alarms when their safety is threatened.
Thirdly, it is wrong to assume that they are unable to learn and grow. Often they face difficulties communicating, which is misinterpreted as a deficit. For example, people with Down syndrome need speech therapy or risk becoming mute, further marginalized, and more vulnerable. Where do you turn to if you are a mute woman experiencing sexual violence with no recognized legal capacity? This is scary.
How can access to justice be improved?
There is a positive movement towards amending discriminatory laws. We, together with other groups, are jointly advocating for amendments to the criminal code. Legislative change is slow, but our message has been amplified through alliances.
Additionally, the justice system must be responsive to persons with disabilities. For example, persons with intellectual disabilities struggle to think abstractly, so information about legal processes and judicial rights must be presented in a format they can understand. Likewise, we need to help justice actors to better communicate with persons with disabilities by providing support persons who can close the gap.
What about closing the social justice gap?
There is still a lot of shame and stigma surrounding intellectual and psychosocial disabilities. For example, children are sent to “special schools” that only go until third grade. This means those who would otherwise read and write are not given the opportunity. The education gap falls upon the family, and there’s a disparity in support due to socioeconomic factors. This shame and stigma also manifest itself in the chronic underreporting of sexual and gender-based violence. There is no shame in intellectual and psychosocial disability. There is only shame in how society treats them.
What motivated you to become a disability rights activist?
I was a women’s human rights defender and co-founder of the CEDAW Working Group Indonesia. When my son, Morgan, was born with Down syndrome and we witnessed the discrimination he faced, I decided to harness my activism to support youths with intellectual disabilities. My son and I co-founded a peer group of youths with Down syndrome and created Let’s Speak Up, a class where young people with Down syndrome from all over Indonesia are taught soft skills to rebuild their self-confidence, understand their rights, and be active citizens.
I dream of these youth becoming self-advocates – their words are powerful if you open your ears.