Feb 19, Home Science Grade 6 Notes

Who is Adolescent?

Changes that Takes Place During Adolescence

1. Physical change- are changes which can been seen.

2. Emotional change- are changes that cannot be seen, also called feelings

3. Social change

Physical changes in boys include

✔ Increase in body size

✔ Growth of hair under armpits and pubic area

✔ Developing acne and increased sweating

✔ Hair grows on their chin (beards)

✔ Voice breaks and becomes deeper.

✔ Experience wet dreams.

Physical Changes in Girls Include

✔ Increase in body size

✔ Growth of hair under armpits and pubic area

✔ Developing acne and increased sweating

✔ Develop breasts

✔ Hips broaden

✔ Voice becomes melodious.

✔ Experience menstruation cycle.

Good Grooming as a Daily Health Habit

✔ Taking a bath daily so as to avoid bad odour

✔ Maintaining their hair by shaving, combing, plaiting or washing properly.

✔ During menstruation girls should change their sanitary towels regularly

✔ Shaving the hair under armpits and pubic hair because they hold a lot of sweat and dirt which bring bad odour

✔ Wearing clean and descent clothes.

Healthy Eating Habits for an Adolescent

Importance of Physical Exercise During Adolescence

Safety precautions to observe in the environment as adolescents.

Safety in the Environment.

ACCESSORIES AND COSMETICS

clothes to enhance the effect of clothes you wear such as belts, caps,

ties, shoes, scarves and handbag.

wearers look they also serve to express an individual identity or personality.

body to improve on a person appearance and enhance their beauty.

Classifying accessories and cosmetics used by adolescents

Accessories are mainly classified into two:

1. Those that are carried (handbags, ceremonial swords)

2. And those that are worn – (necklace, earrings, belts, ties)

Misuse of accessories by adolescent

Misuse of Cosmetics by Adolescents

1. Applying too much cosmetics

2. Borrowing other people’s cosmetics

3. Bleaching the skin using cosmetics

4. Using cosmetics that have expired

5. Applying fresh cosmetics on dirty face

6. Storing cosmetics poorly such as exposing them to too much heat and sunlight

Dangers of misusing cosmetics

✔ Cosmetics can cause cancer

✔ Cosmetics can cause skin irritation

✔ Cosmetics can cause bleaching of the skin

✔ Cosmetics can cause allergic reactions.

✔ Cosmetics can cause eye infections

Non Communicable Diseases and Disorders

another or from an animal to person. Also known as infectious disease

from one person to another

Identifying non Communicable Disease and Disorders

✔ Epilepsy

✔ Diabetes

✔ Asthma

✔ Hypertension

✔ Heart disease

✔ Obesity

Obesity

increase the risk of other disease and health problems such as diabetes,

high blood pressure and certain cancers.

Sign and symptoms of obesity

✔ Excessive body weight

✔ Shortness of breath

✔ One cannot perform simple physical exercises

Causes of obesity

✔ Lack of physical exercise

✔ Excessive intake of carbohydrates and fatty foods

✔ Family history.

✔ Stress which may result in increased appetite hence one over eats

Prevention and Management of obesity

✔ Doing physical exercise

✔ Avoid taking food with excess fat

✔ Taking a varied diet in their correct proportions.

✔ Manage stress so as to be able to maintain healthy eating habits.

Diabetes

Signs and symptoms of diabetes

✔ Poor vision

✔ Skin infections

✔ Increased thirst and urination

✔ Increased hunger and body weakness

Causes of diabetes

✔ High consumption of fat and sugar

✔ Lack of physical exercise

✔ Family history

Prevention of diabetes

✔ Eating healthy meals with reduced fats and sugar

✔ Doing regular physical exercise

Management of Diabetes

✔ Taking a varied diet and in correct proportions

✔ Taking prescribed drugs correctly

Hypertension

Causes of Hypertension

✔ Excessive intake of salt

✔ Lack of proper management of stress

✔ Lack of physical exercise

✔ Diabetes and obesity may also lead to hypertension

✔ Exercise intake of alcohol and smoking cigarettes

Signs and Symptoms of Hypertension

✔ Shortness of breath

✔ Headaches

✔ Poor vision

✔ Nose bleeding

✔ Weakness and dizziness

✔ Rapid heartbeat.

Prevention of Hypertension

✔ Managing stress

✔ Doing physical interest

✔ Eating healthy foods

✔ Maintaining healthy body weight

✔ Reducing intake of salt

✔ Avoiding intake of alcohol and smoking

Management of Hypertension

✔ Going for regular medical check ups

✔ Taking prescribed medication

✔ Maintain your blood pressure regularly

Epilepsy

behaviour and sensations, sometimes including loss of consciousness

Causes of Epilepsy

✔ Severe head injury

✔ Brain infections

✔ Family history

✔ Drug and substance abuse

✔ A growth in the brain

✔ Restricted amount of oxygen circulating in the brain

Signs of Epilepsy

✔ Seizures

✔ Dizziness

✔ Temporary confusion

✔ Loss of consciousness or awareness

Prevention and Management of Epilepsy

First aid for epilepsy

1. Stay with them

2. Keep the person safe

3. Seek medical help if

Asthma

Causes of asthma

1. Family history

2. Respiratory diseases such as viruses, pneumonia and flu

3. Environmental factors

Signs and symptoms of asthma

1. Wheezing (whistling sounds when breathing)

2. Shortness of breath

3. Tight chest which may be painful

Prevention and management of asthma

1. Take prescribed medication

2. Give first aid for asthma

3. Identify and avoid asthma triggers

4. Manage stress

First aid for asthma attacks

1. Let the person sit upright

2. Ensure there is adequate ventilation

3. Stay calm as you reassure the person

4. Find out if the person has an asthma inhaler assist them to administer the inhaler.

5. In the absence of an inhaler, assist the person to take long and deep breathe

6. Keep off trigger and allergies like dust or strong smells

7. Should the asthma attack continue for more than five minutes, seek medical help.

Cancer

Is a disease in which some of the body cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other body parts of the body destroying the tissues of the body where these cells have settled.

Causes of cancer

1. Smoking

2. Family history

3. Excessive consumption of alcohol

4. Use of cosmetics containing harmful chemicals

5. Eating foods that contain preservatives and harmful chemicals.

Signs and symptoms of cancer

1. Abnormal bumps

2. Unexplained fevers

3. Night sweats or unintentional weight loss

4. Fatigue or extreme tiredness

Prevention and Management of Cancer

Heart Diseases

Causes of Heart Diseases

1. Unhealthy lifestyle

2. Heart infections

3. Heart defects

Signs and symptoms of heart diseases

1. Chest pains

2. Shortness of breath

3. Easily tiring during an activity

4. Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper abdomen or back and dizziness

Prevention and Management of Heart Diseases

1. Exercising regularly

2. Reducing intake of fats

3. Avoiding drug and substances abuse

4. Maintaining healthy weight

5. Following prescribed medications and other instructions by the doctor

CONSUMER EDUCATION

Budgeting

Importance of Budgeting

1. It enables a person to spend wisely

2. It helps a person to avoid debts by spending on items they can afford

3. It enables a person to set priorities on the most important needs

4. It reduces wastage and impulse buying because a person budgets for

What is Necessary.

5. It helps one to know the amount of money they require for a certain period of time.

Factors to consider when making a budget

1. Your income

2. Your spending habits

Making a budget for personal use

FOOD AND NUTRITION

FOOD NUTRIENTS

MINERALS (IRON AND IODINE)

need to develop and function normally.

essential minerals.

Different minerals found in foods

function well.

Some of the minerals include

✔ Iodine

✔ Calcium

✔ Iron

✔ Sodium chloride

✔ Zinc

✔ Magnesium

Foods rich in iron Foods rich in iodine

Importance of iron and iodine in the body

hormones

regulate growth and development

functions

to transport oxygen in the blood.

and infections.

are encouraged to eat foods rich in iron to replace iron lost during

menstruation to prevent anaemia).

Planning a meal that includes minerals in the diet

for meals.

Daily log of foods eaten rich in iron and iodine

help you asses what you are eating is rich in the two essential minerals.

Preservation and storage of meat

good condition in order to stop or slow down spoilage.

and flavour of the food

Source of meat in the locality

chicken, fish

Importance of preserving and storing meat

✔ Meat is highly perishable food that spoils within a short time therefore proper preservation and storage is essential

✔ Preserving meat maintains its nutritional value.

✔ Preserving meat keeps it longer for future use

✔ Prevents meat from getting spoil

✔ Meat preservation prevents wastage.

Facilities used for preserving and storing meat

1. Drying rack

2. Hook

3. Refrigerator/Fridge

4. Freezer

5. Airtight food containers

Methods and procedure of preserving and storing meat

1. Refrigeration

2. Sun drying

3. Salting

4. Smoking

Refrigeration

Requirements

Fresh meat, chopping board, clean water, refrigerator and a plastic container

Procedure for preserving meat using a refrigerator

1. Clean the meat

2. Cut the meat into pieces

3. Pack in a plastic container

4. Cover the plastic container

5. Store the meat in a refrigerator

Advantages of refrigeration

1. It slows down the growth of bacteria that spoils the meat.

2. Much of the meats flavour is retained

Disadvantage of refrigeration

1. It normally requires electricity.

2. Food persevered in a refrigerator goes bad if there is unreliable supply of electricity

3. Refrigeration is expensive

Sun drying

meat.

or spread on a clean food drying rack

Requirements

Fresh meat, chopping board, clean water, screened cage, drying rack,

hook, muslin cloth

Procedure for preserving meat using sun drying

1. Use fresh and lean meat

2. Clean the meat

3. Cut the meat into strips

4. Place the meat on S hook and hung the hooks in a screened cage. A string can be used to hang meat

5. Meat can be placed on a raised food drying rock. Cover the meat with a muslin cloth or fine wire mesh.

6. Allow the meat to dry completely on both sides. This may take several days depending on the heat from the sun and wind conditions.

7. Meat can then be stored in a covered airtight container and kept in a cool dry place away from direct sunlight.

8. Sun dried meat can be preserved for at least two months.

Advantages of preserving meat using sun drying

1. The method is easy

2. Sun drying method can be preserved for at least two months

Disadvantages of preserving meat using sun drying

1. The slow drying process requires patience

2. Sunny and windy conditions are restricted to weather conditions.

Salting

Requirements

plastic container

Procedure for preserving meat by rubbing it with salt

1. Get fresh meat

2. Clean the meat

3. Cut the meat into moderate pieces

4. Rub the salt on the meat surface

5. Use S shaped hooks to hung meat in a screened cage indoors. The

equipment keeps insects away

6. Allow the meat to cure for about 4-7 days

Curing meat refers to preserving meat by adding salt, with the aim of

drawing moisture out of the food.

7. if needed, rub some more salt on the meat and continue with the curing process.

8. Store meat correctly after preservation in a cool dry place.

9. Before cooking the salted meat, soak in cold water to dissolve salt.

Procedure for preserving meat using brine

1. This method is best applied for fresh and fleshy meat

2. Prepare the brine by dissolving salt in water

3. Clean the meat

4. Cut the meat into lean pieces. Place the meat in a clean container

5. Pour the brine into water. Ensure the meat is completely covered with brine

6. Leave the meat in brine for at least two days

7. Drain off brine from the meat. Dispose water appropriately.

8. Hung brined meat in a screened cage outdoors. Use S shaped hooks to hold the strips.

9. Store meat correctly after preservation in a clean covered container in

cool and dry conditions.

Advantages of preserving meat using salting

1. Salt is cheap

2. Salted meat is tender

3. Nutrients are retained in the meat juices

4. Salt kills bacteria hence preventing the meat from spoiling

Disadvantages of Preserving Meat Using Salting

1. Salted meat is unsuitable for people suffering from high blood pressure

2. Salted meat contributes to weak bones

3. Salted meat increases the risk of contracting kidney stones.

A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney from substances in the urine.

Requirements

plastic container, jembe, panga, two poles

Procedure for preserving meat using smoking

1. Use a jembe to dig a shallow pit at a convenient site

2. With a panga, make a hole on each side of the pit

3. Erect the 1.5m poles on each hole. Join at the top with with the one 1m pole using nails and a hammer.

4. Hung several hooks on the 1m pole

5. Make a fire with the dry wood. Smoke will be created

6. Cut meat for few hours

7. Air dry the meat for a few hours

8. Hung the meat on the S hook over the smoke.

9. Ensure regular supply of smoke by adding dry wood chips.

10.Smoke the meat completely until dry

11.Store meat correctly after its preservation in a cool dry place.

Advantages of Preserving Meat Using Smoking

1. The smoke coats the meat and keeps off bacteria and fungi

2. Flavour of the meat is improved

3. Smoked meat has enhanced aroma and appearance

Disadvantages of Preserving Meat Using Smoking

1. It requires close attention; one should add firewood from time to time to ensure that smoke is continuously emitted.

2. Too much heat will cook the meat before it is properly smoked.

3. The process requires close attention and monitoring.

Using Different Methods and Procedure to Prevent Meat at Home

KCSE Revision Notes Form 1 – Form 4 All Subjects